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| AMH | Muellerian-inhibiting factor; This glycoprotein, produced by the Sertoli cells of the testis, causes regression of the Muellerian duct. It is also able to inhibit the growth of tumors derived from tissues of Muellerian duct origin; Endogenous ligands (560 aa) | |||
| TGFB1 | Transforming growth factor beta-1; Multifunctional protein that controls proliferation, differentiation and other functions in many cell types. Many cells synthesize TGFB1 and have specific receptors for it. It positively and negatively regulates many other growth factors. It plays an important role in bone remodeling as it is a potent stimulator of osteoblastic bone formation, causing chemotaxis, proliferation and differentiation in committed osteoblasts (By similarity). Stimulates sustained production of collagen through the activation of CREB3L1 by regulated intramembrane proteolysi [...] (390 aa) | |||
| TGFB3 | Transforming growth factor beta-3; Involved in embryogenesis and cell differentiation; Belongs to the TGF-beta family (412 aa) | |||
| INHBA | Inhibin beta A chain; Inhibins and activins inhibit and activate, respectively, the secretion of follitropin by the pituitary gland. Inhibins/activins are involved in regulating a number of diverse functions such as hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secretion, gonadal hormone secretion, germ cell development and maturation, erythroid differentiation, insulin secretion, nerve cell survival, embryonic axial development or bone growth, depending on their subunit composition. Inhibins appear to oppose the functions of activins; Belongs to the TGF-beta family (426 aa) | |||
| INHA | Inhibin alpha chain; Inhibins and activins inhibit and activate, respectively, the secretion of follitropin by the pituitary gland. Inhibins/activins are involved in regulating a number of diverse functions such as hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secretion, gonadal hormone secretion, germ cell development and maturation, erythroid differentiation, insulin secretion, nerve cell survival, embryonic axial development or bone growth, depending on their subunit composition. Inhibins appear to oppose the functions of activins; Belongs to the TGF-beta family (366 aa) | |||
| BMP4 | Bone morphogenetic protein 4; Induces cartilage and bone formation. Also act in mesoderm induction, tooth development, limb formation and fracture repair. Acts in concert with PTHLH/PTHRP to stimulate ductal outgrowth during embryonic mammary development and to inhibit hair follicle induction (By similarity); Bone morphogenetic proteins (408 aa) | |||
| GDF1 | Growth differentiation factor 1; May mediate cell differentiation events during embryonic development; Endogenous ligands (372 aa) | |||
| BMP15 | Bone morphogenetic protein 15; May be involved in follicular development. Oocyte- specific growth/differentiation factor that stimulates folliculogenesis and granulosa cell (GC) growth; Bone morphogenetic proteins (392 aa) | |||
| GDF15 | Growth differentiation factor 15; Belongs to the TGF-beta family (308 aa) | |||
| GDF11 | Growth/differentiation factor 11; Secreted signal that acts globally to specify positional identity along the anterior/posterior axis during development. May play critical roles in patterning both mesodermal and neural tissues and in establishing the skeletal pattern (By similarity). Signals through activin receptors type-2, ACVR2A and ACVR2B, and activin receptors type-1, ACVR1B, ACVR1C and TGFBR1 leading to the phosphorylation of SMAD2 and SMAD3; Belongs to the TGF-beta family (407 aa) | |||
| MSTN | Growth/differentiation factor 8; Acts specifically as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth; Belongs to the TGF-beta family (375 aa) | |||
| INHBE | Inhibin beta E chain; Inhibins and activins inhibit and activate, respectively, the secretion of follitropin by the pituitary gland. Inhibins/activins are involved in regulating a number of diverse functions such as hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secretion, gonadal hormone secretion, germ cell development and maturation, erythroid differentiation, insulin secretion, nerve cell survival, embryonic axial development or bone growth, depending on their subunit composition. Inhibins appear to oppose the functions of activins (350 aa) | |||
| LEFTY1 | Left-right determination factor 1; Required for left-right axis determination as a regulator of LEFTY2 and NODAL (366 aa) | |||
| GDF7 | Growth/differentiation factor 7; May play an active role in the motor area of the primate neocortex (450 aa) | |||
| BMP3 | Bone morphogenetic protein 3; Negatively regulates bone density. Antagonizes the ability of certain osteogenic BMPs to induce osteoprogenitor differentitation and ossification; Bone morphogenetic proteins (472 aa) | |||
| BMP6 | Bone morphogenetic protein 6; Induces cartilage and bone formation; Bone morphogenetic proteins (513 aa) | |||
| GDF6 | Growth/differentiation factor 6; Growth factor that controls proliferation and cellular differentiation in the retina and bone formation. Plays a key role in regulating apoptosis during retinal development. Establishes dorsal-ventral positional information in the retina and controls the formation of the retinotectal map. Required for normal formation of bones and joints in the limbs, skull, digits and axial skeleton. Plays a key role in establishing boundaries between skeletal elements during development. Regulation of GDF6 expression seems to be a mechanism for evolving species-specif [...] (455 aa) | |||
| NODAL | Nodal homolog; Essential for mesoderm formation and axial patterning during embryonic development; Belongs to the TGF-beta family (347 aa) | |||
| INHBB | Inhibin beta B chain; Inhibins and activins inhibit and activate, respectively, the secretion of follitropin by the pituitary gland. Inhibins/activins are involved in regulating a number of diverse functions such as hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secretion, gonadal hormone secretion, germ cell development and maturation, erythroid differentiation, insulin secretion, nerve cell survival, embryonic axial development or bone growth, depending on their subunit composition. Inhibins appear to oppose the functions of activins; Endogenous ligands (407 aa) | |||
| BMP8A | Bone morphogenetic protein 8A; Induces cartilage and bone formation. May be the osteoinductive factor responsible for the phenomenon of epithelial osteogenesis. Plays a role in calcium regulation and bone homeostasis (By similarity). Signaling protein involved in regulation of thermogenesis and energy balance. Proposed to increase the peripheral response of brown adipose tissue (BAT) to adrenergic stimulation while acting centrally in the hypothalamus to increase sympathetic output to BAT; Bone morphogenetic proteins (402 aa) | |||
| NOG | Noggin; Inhibitor of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) signaling which is required for growth and patterning of the neural tube and somite. Essential for cartilage morphogenesis and joint formation. Inhibits chondrocyte differentiation through its interaction with GDF5 and, probably, GDF6 (232 aa) | |||
| BMP5 | Bone morphogenetic protein 5; Induces cartilage and bone formation; Bone morphogenetic proteins (454 aa) | |||
| BMP8B | Bone morphogenetic protein 8B; Induces cartilage and bone formation. May be the osteoinductive factor responsible for the phenomenon of epithelial osteogenesis. Plays a role in calcium regulation and bone homeostasis (By similarity); Belongs to the TGF-beta family (402 aa) | |||
| GDF5 | Growth/differentiation factor 5; Growth factor involved in bone and cartilage formation. During cartilage development regulates differentiation of chondrogenic tissue through two pathways. Firstly, positively regulates differentiation of chondrogenic tissue through its binding of high affinity with BMPR1B and of less affinity with BMPR1A, leading to induction of SMAD1-SMAD5-SMAD8 complex phosphorylation and then SMAD protein signaling transduction. Secondly, negatively regulates chondrogenic differentiation through its interaction with NOG. Required to prevent excessive muscle loss upo [...] (501 aa) | |||
| BMP2 | Bone morphogenetic protein 2; Induces cartilage and bone formation. Stimulates the differentiation of myoblasts into osteoblasts via the EIF2AK3-EIF2A- ATF4 pathway. BMP2 activation of EIF2AK3 stimulates phosphorylation of EIF2A which leads to increased expression of ATF4 which plays a central role in osteoblast differentiation. In addition stimulates TMEM119, which upregulates the expression of ATF4; Belongs to the TGF-beta family (396 aa) | |||
| BMP7 | Bone morphogenetic protein 7; Induces cartilage and bone formation. May be the osteoinductive factor responsible for the phenomenon of epithelial osteogenesis. Plays a role in calcium regulation and bone homeostasis; Bone morphogenetic proteins (431 aa) | |||
